Johns Hopkins University

Ranked 16th in the world this year, Johns Hopkins University was named for its first benefactor – the entrepreneur, abolitionist, and philanthropist Johns Hopkins. It was the first research university in the US and is viewed particularly favorably for its courses in the faculty of life sciences and medicine.

The philanthropist and the founding[edit] See also: Johns Hopkins' Philanthropy and Legacy Johns Hopkins On his death in 1873, Johns Hopkins, a Quaker entrepreneur and childless bachelor, bequeathed $7 million (approximately $140,000,000 today adjusted for consumer price inflation) to fund a hospital and university in Baltimore, Maryland.[25] At that time this fortune, generated primarily from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,[26] was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States.[8] The first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins is the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins. They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins. Samuel named one of his sons after his father and that son would be the university's benefactor. Milton Eisenhower, a former university president, once spoke at a convention in Pittsburgh where the Master of Ceremonies introduced him as "President of John Hopkins." Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in Pittburgh."[27] The original board opted for an entirely novel university model dedicated to the discovery of knowledge at an advanced level, extending that of contemporary Germany.[28] Building on the German education model of Wilhelm von Humboldt, it became dedicated to research.[29] Johns Hopkins thereby became the model of the modern research university in the United States. Its success eventually shifted higher education in the United States from a focus on teaching revealed and/or applied knowledge to the scientific discovery of new knowledge.[30] Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about the Early History. Early years and Daniel Coit Gilman[edit] Daniel Coit Gilman The trustees worked alongside four notable university presidents – Charles W. Eliot of Harvard, Andrew D. White of Cornell, Noah Porter of Yale College and James B. Angell of Michigan. They each vouched for Daniel Coit Gilman to lead the new University and he became the university's first president.[31] Gilman, a Yale-educated scholar, had been serving as president of the University of California prior to this appointment.[31] In preparation for the university's founding, Gilman visited University of Freiburg and other German universities. Hopkins Hall circa 1885, on the original downtown Baltimore campus Gilman launched what many at the time considered an audacious and unprecedented academic experiment to merge teaching and research. He dismissed the idea that the two were mutually exclusive: "The best teachers are usually those who are free, competent and willing to make original researches in the library and the laboratory," he stated.[32] To implement his plan, Gilman recruited internationally known luminaries such as the mathematician James Joseph Sylvester; the biologist H. Newell Martin; the physicist Henry A. Rowland (the first president of the American Physical Society), the classical scholars Basil Gildersleeve and Charles D. Morris;[33] the economist Richard T. Ely; and the chemist Ira Remsen, who became the second president of the university in 1901.[34] Gilman focused on the expansion of graduate education and support of faculty research. The new university fused advanced scholarship with such professional schools as medicine and engineering. Hopkins became the national trendsetter in doctoral programs and the host for numerous scholarly journals and associations.[35] The Johns Hopkins University Press, founded in 1878, is the oldest American university press in continuous operation.[36] Johns Hopkins Hospital With the completion of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1889 and the medical school in 1893, the university's research-focused mode of instruction soon began attracting world-renowned faculty members who would become major figures in the emerging field of academic medicine, including William Osler, William Halsted, Howard Kelly, and William Welch.[37] During this period Hopkins made more history by becoming the first medical school to admit women on an equal basis with men and to require a Bachelor's degree, based on the efforts of Mary E. Garrett, who had endowed the school at Gilman's request.[38] The school of medicine was America's first coeducational, graduate-level medical school, and became a prototype for academic medicine that emphasized bedside learning, research projects, and laboratory training. In his will and in his instructions to the trustees of the university and the hospital, Hopkins requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed the presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased "build men, not buildings.[39] " In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which would have generated most of the interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first home was thus in Downtown Baltimore delaying plans to site the university in Clifton.[25] Move to Homewood and early 20th century history[edit] Gilman Hall, flagship building of the Homewood campus In the early 20th century the university outgrew its buildings and the trustees began to search for a new home. Developing Clifton for the university was too costly, and 30 acres (12 ha) of the estate had to be sold to the city as public park. A solution was achieved by a team of prominent locals who acquired the estate in north Baltimore known as Homewood. On February 22, 1902, this land was formally transferred to the university. The flagship building, Gilman Hall, was completed in 1915. The School of Engineering relocated in Fall of 1914 and the School of Arts and Sciences followed in 1916. These decades saw the ceding of lands by the university for the public Wyman Park and Wyman Park Dell and the Baltimore Museum of Art, coalescing in the contemporary area of 140 acres (57 ha).[25] Maryland Hall, second home of the Whiting School of Engineering Prior to becoming the main Johns Hopkins campus, the Homewood estate had initially been the gift of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a Maryland planter and signer of the Declaration of Independence, to his son Charles Carroll Jr. The original structure, the 1801 Homewood House, still stands and serves as an on-campus museum.[40] The brick and marble Federal style of Homewood House became the architectural inspiration for much of the university campus. This fact explains the distinctively local flavour of the campus as compared to the Collegiate Gothic style of other historic American universities.[40] In 1909, the university was among the first to start adult continuing education programs and in 1916 it founded the US' first school of public health.[41] Since the 1910s, Johns Hopkins University has famously been a "fertile cradle" to Arthur Lovejoy's history of ideas.[42] Presidents of the university Name Term Daniel Coit Gilman May 1875 – August 1901 Ira Remsen September 1901 – January 1913 Frank Goodnow October 1914 – June 1929 Joseph Sweetman Ames July 1929 – June 1935 Isaiah Bowman July 1935 – December 1948 Detlev Bronk January 1949 – August 1953 Lowell Reed September 1953 – June 1956 Milton S. Eisenhower July 1956 – June 1967 Lincoln Gordon July 1967 – March 1971 Milton S. Eisenhower March 1971 – January 1972 Steven Muller February 1972 – June 1990 William C. Richardson July 1990 – July 1995 Daniel Nathans June 1995 – August 1996 William R. Brody August 1996 – February 2009 Ronald J. Daniels March 2009–Present The post-war era[edit] Since 1942, the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) has served as a major governmental defense contractor. In tandem with on-campus research, Johns Hopkins has every year since 1979 had the highest federal research funding of any American university.[43] Programs in international studies and the performing arts were established in 1950 and 1977 when the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies[44] in Washington D.C and the Peabody Institute[45] in Baltimore became divisions of the university. In the twenty-first century[edit] The Legg Mason Tower, home of the new Carey Business School The early decades of the 21st century saw expansion across the university's institutions in both physical and population sizes. Notably, a planned 88-acre expansion to the medical campus is well underway as of 2013.[46] Completed construction on the Homewood campus has included a new biomedical engineering building, a new library, a new biology wing, and an extensive renovation of the flagship Gilman Hall, while the reconstruction of the main university entrance is currently underway and expected to be completed by the end of 2014.[47] These years also brought about the rapid development of the university's professional schools of education and business. From 1999 until 2007, these disciplines had been joined together within the School of Professional Studies in Business and Education (SPSBE), itself a reshuffling of several earlier ventures. The 2007 split, combined with new funding and leadership initiatives, has led to the simultaneous emergence of the Johns Hopkins School of Education and the Carey Business School.[48] Civil rights[edit] African-Americans[edit] Hopkins was a prominent abolitionist who supported Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. After his death, reports said his conviction was a decisive factor in enrolling Hopkins' first African-American student, Kelly Miller, a graduate student in physics, astronomy and mathematics.[49] As time passed, the university adopted a "separate but equal" stance more like other Baltimore institutions. The first black undergraduate entered the school in 1945 and graduate students followed in 1967. James Nabwangu, a British-trained Kenyan, was the first black graduate of the medical school.[50] African-American instructor and laboratory supervisor Vivien Thomas was instrumental in developing and conducting the first successful blue baby operation in 1944.[51] Despite such cases, racial diversity did not become commonplace at Johns Hopkins institutions until the 1960s and 1970s. Women[edit] Hopkins' most well-known battle for women's rights was the one led by daughters of trustees of the university; Mary E. Garrett, M. Carey Thomas, Mamie Gwinn, Elizabeth King, and Julia Rogers.[52] They donated and raised the funds needed to open the medical school, and required Hopkins' officials to agree to their stipulation that women would be admitted. The nursing school opened in 1889 and accepted women and men as students.[53] Other graduate schools were later opened to women by president Ira Remsen in 1907. Christine Ladd-Franklin was the first woman to earn a PhD at Hopkins, in mathematics in 1882.[54] The trustees denied her the degree for decades and refused to change the policy about admitting women. In 1893, Florence Bascomb became the university's first female PhD.[52] The decision to admit women at undergraduate level was not considered until the late 1960s and was eventually adopted in October 1969. As of 2009–2010, the undergraduate population was 47% female and 53% male.[55] Freedom of speech[edit] On September 5, 2013 cryptographer and Johns Hopkins university professor Matthew Green posted a blog, entitled "On the NSA", in which he contributed to the ongoing debate regarding the role of NIST and NSA in formulating U.S. cryptography standards. On September 9, 2013 Professor Green received a take-down request for the "On the NSA" blog from interim Dean Andrew Douglas from the Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering.[56] The request cited concerns that the blog had links to sensitive material. The blog linked to already published news articles from the Guardian, The New York Times and ProPublica.org. Dean Andrew Douglas subsequently issued a personal on-line apology to professor Green.[57] The event raised concern over the future of academic freedom of speech within the cryptologic research community. Campuses[edit] Main Campuses & Divisions Homewood East Baltimore (Medical Institutions Campus) Downtown Baltimore Washington D.C. Laurel, Maryland School of Arts and Sciences 1876 School of Education 1909 School of Engineering 1913 School of Nursing 1889 School of Medicine 1893 School of Public Health 1916 Peabody Institute 1857 School of Business 2007 School of Advanced International Studies 1943 Applied Physics Laboratory 1942 Homewood[edit] Main article: Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University View toward Gilman Hall from Levering Plaza on the Homewood Campus Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences: The Krieger School offers more than 60 undergraduate majors and minors and more than 40 graduate programs.[58] G.W.C. Whiting School of Engineering: The Whiting School contains 14 undergraduate and graduate engineering programs and 12 additional areas of study.[59] School of Education: Originally established in 1909 as The School of Professional Studies in Business and Education, the divisions of Education and Business became separate schools in 2007. The first campus was located on Howard Street. Eventually, they relocated to Homewood, in northern Baltimore, the estate of Charles Carroll, son of the oldest surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence. Carroll's Homewood House is considered one of the finest examples of Federal residential architecture. The estate then came to the Wyman family, which participated in making it the park-like main campus of the schools of arts and sciences and engineering at the start of the 20th century. Most of its architecture was modeled after the Federal style of Homewood House. Homewood House is preserved as a museum. Most undergraduate programs are on this campus. East Baltimore[edit] Johns Hopkins Hospital Collectively known as Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (JHMI) campus, the East Baltimore facility occupies several city blocks spreading from the Johns Hopkins Hospital trademark dome. School of Medicine: The School of Medicine is widely regarded as one of the best medical schools and biomedical research institutes in the world. Bloomberg School of Public Health: The Bloomberg School was founded in 1916, the world's first and largest public health school. It has consistently been ranked first in its field. School of Nursing: The School of Nursing is one of America's oldest and pre-eminent schools for nursing education. It has consistently ranked first in the nation. Downtown Baltimore[edit] Peabody Institute Carey Business School: The Carey Business School was established in 2007, incorporating divisions of the former School of Professional Studies in Business and Education. It was originally located on Charles Street, but relocated to the Legg Mason building in Harbor East in 2011. Peabody Institute: founded in 1857, is the oldest continuously active music conservatory in the United States; it became a division of Johns Hopkins in 1977. The Conservatory retains its own student body and grants degrees in musicology and performance, though both Hopkins and Peabody students may take courses at both institutions. It is located on East Mount Vernon Place. Washington, D.C.[edit] Washington D.C. Campus (SAIS) Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) is located on the Washington D.C. campus near Dupont Circle. SAIS is devoted to international studies, particularly international relations, diplomacy, and economics. SAIS has full-time international campuses in Bologna, Italy and Nanjing, China. Founded in 1943, SAIS became a part of the university in 1950. In a 2005 survey 65% of respondents ranked SAIS as the nation's top Master's Degree program in international relations.[60] The Krieger School of Arts and Sciences' Advanced Academic Programs (AAP)[61] Carey Business School The Washington, D.C. campus is on Massachusetts Avenue, towards the Southeastern end of Embassy Row. Laurel, Maryland[edit] Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL): The APL in Laurel, Maryland, specializes in research for the U.S. Department of Defense, NASA and other government and civilian research agencies. Among other projects, it has designed, built, and flown spacecraft for NASA to the asteroid Eros, and the planets Mercury and Pluto. It has developed more than 100 biomedical devices, many in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.[62] Akin to the Washington, D.C. campus for the School of Arts & Sciences, the APL also is the primary campus for master's degrees in a variety of STEM fields. Other campuses[edit] see also List of Johns Hopkins University Research Centers and Institutes Domestic[edit] Columbia, Maryland Center (Branches of The Carey Business School[63] and The School of Education)[64] Montgomery County, Maryland Campus (Part-time programs in Biosciences, Engineering, Business & Education[65]) International[edit] The SAIS Bologna Center, Italy Perdana University-Johns Hopkins[66] (Discontinued)[67] The SAIS Hopkins-Nanjing Center for Chinese and American Studies, China Yong Siew Toh Conservatory of Music (Collaboration between the Peabody Institute and the National University of Singapore) Organization[edit] The Johns Hopkins entity is structured as two corporations, the university and The Johns Hopkins Health System, formed in 1986. The President is JHU's chief executive officer, and the university is organized into nine academic divisions.[68] JHU's bylaws specify a Board of Trustees of between 18 and 65 voting members. Trustees serve six-year terms subject to a two-term limit. The alumni select 12 trustees. Four recent alumni serve 4-year terms, one per year, typically from the graduating class. The bylaws prohibit students, faculty or administrative staff from serving on the Board, except the President as an ex-officio trustee.[69] The Johns Hopkins Health System has a separate Board of Trustees, many of whom are doctors or health care executives.[70] Academics[edit] The full-time, four-year undergraduate program is "most selective"[71] with low transfer-in and a high graduate co-existence.[72] The cost of attendance per year is $60,820; however, the average need met is 99%.[73] The university is one of fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities (AAU); it is also a member of the Consortium on Financing Higher Education (COFHE) and the Universities Research Association (URA). Rankings[edit] University rankings National ARWU[74] 14 U.S. News & World Report[17] 10 Washington Monthly[75] 48 Global ARWU[18] 16 QS[19] 16 Times[20] 11 U.S. News & World Report[76] 12 The undergraduate college is ranked 62nd in the nation by Forbes, 10th by US News, 14th by ARWU, and 48th by Washington Monthly. For medical and public health research U.S. News and World Report ranks the School of Medicine #3[77] and has consistently ranked the Bloomberg School of Public Health #1[78] in the nation. The School of Nursing was ranked #2 nationally among peer institutions.[79] The QS Top Universities ranked Johns Hopkins University #4 in the world for medicine.[80] Hopkins ranks #1 nationally in receipt of federal research funds and the School of Medicine is #1 among medical schools in receipt of extramural awards from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).[81] In 2015, the Johns Hopkins Hospital was ranked the #3 hospital in the United States by the U.S. News and World Report annual ranking of American hospitals.[82] The School of Education is ranked #1 nationally by U.S. News and World Report.[83] Although no formal rankings exist for music conservatories, the Peabody Institute is generally considered one of the most prestigious conservatories in the country, along with Juilliard and the Curtis Institute. The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) ranked #1 (2005), #2 (2007), and #2 (2009), by College of William and Mary's surveys conducted once every two years beginning in 2005, for its MA program among the world's top schools of International Affairs for those who want to pursue a policy career.[84] In 2015, SAIS ranked 2nd in the world in Foreign Policy's Top Master's Programs for Policy Career in International Relations ranking.[85] The university's graduate programs in the areas of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Engineering (Biomedical, Electrical & Environmental), Human Development & Family Studies, Health Sciences, Humanities, Physical & Mathematical Sciences and International Affairs & Development all rank among the top-10 of their respective disciplines.[86][87] Johns Hopkins is ranked the #1 Social Media College by StudentAdvisor.[88] Several university departments have been known to actively engage on various social media platforms such as Blogs, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr to reach prospective students, current students, and alumni.[89] In 2009, JHU ranked fifth among US universities in private fund-raising, collecting $433.39 million.[90] Undergraduate admissions[edit] Johns Hopkins University[91] Class of 2020 Applicants 27,095 Class of 2020 Admitted 3,098 (11.4%) SAT Range (1600) 1440-1560 In 2016, 95% of admitted students graduated in the top tenth of their high school class and the inter-quartile range on the SAT composite score was 1440-1560.[92] In 2013, 96.8% of freshmen returned after the first year and 88% of students graduated in 4 years.[93] The average GPA of enrolled freshmen in the class of 2018 is 3.88.[94] Over time, applications to Johns Hopkins University have risen steadily. As a result, the selectivity of Johns Hopkins University has also increased. Early Decision is an option at Johns Hopkins University for students who wish to demonstrate that the university is their first choice. These students, if admitted, are required to enroll. This application is due November 2. Most students, however, apply Regular Decision, which is a traditional non-binding round. These applications are due January 1 and students are notified April 1. Population Year Applicants Growth Acceptance rate Accepted Enrolled Yield 2016 27,095 9.62% 11.4% 3,098 N/A [95] N/A 2015 24,718 3.52% 12.4% 3,065 1310 [96] 42.7% 2014 23,877 15.8% 15.0% 3,587 1418[97] 39.5% 2013 20,614 0.53% 16.8% 3,519 1,320[98] 37.5% 2012 20,504 5.94% 17.7% 3,632 1,362[99] 37.5% 2011 19,355 4.04% 18.3% 3,550 1,287[100] 37% 2010 18,455 14.5% 20.4% 3,764 1,235 33% 2009 16,123 0.7% 26.8% 4,318 1,350 31% 2008 16,006 7.7% 25.3% 4,056 1,238[101] 31% Libraries[edit] The George Peabody Library The Johns Hopkins University Library system houses more than 3.6 million volumes[102] and includes ten main divisions across the university's campuses. The largest segment of this system is the Sheridan Libraries, encompassing the Milton S. Eisenhower Library (the main library of the Homewood campus), the Brody Learning Commons, the Hutzler Reading Room ("The Hut") in Gilman Hall, the John Work Garrett Library at Evergreen House, and the George Peabody Library at the Peabody Institute campus.[103] The main library, constructed in the 1960s, was named for Milton S. Eisenhower, former president of the university and brother of former U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower. The university's stacks had previously been housed in Gilman Hall and departmental libraries.[104] Only two of the Eisenhower library's six stories are above ground, though the building was designed so that every level receives natural light. The design accords with campus lore that no structure can be taller than Gilman Hall, the flagship academic building. A four-story expansion to the library, known as the Brody Learning Commons, opened in August 2012. The expansion features an energy-efficient, state-of-the-art technology infrastructure and includes study spaces, seminar rooms, and a rare books collection.[105] Johns Hopkins University Press[edit] Main article: Johns Hopkins University Press The Johns Hopkins University Press is the publishing division of the Johns Hopkins University. It was founded in 1878 and holds the distinction of being the oldest continuously running university press in the United States.[106] To date the Press has published more than 6,000 titles and currently publishes 65 scholarly periodicals and over 200 new books each year. Since 1993, the Johns Hopkins University Press has run Project MUSE, an online collection of over 250 full-text, peer-reviewed journals in the humanities and social sciences. The Press also houses the Hopkins Fulfilment Services (HFS), which handles distribution for a number of university presses and publishers. Taken together, the three divisions of the Press—Books, Journals (including MUSE) and HFS—make it one of the largest of America's university presses. Degrees offered[edit] Johns Hopkins offers a number of degrees including BA and BS for undergraduate student and MA, MS and Ph.D.[107] Because Hopkins offers both undergraduate and graduate areas of study, many disciplines have multiple degrees available. Biomedical engineering, perhaps one of Hopkins' best-known programs, offers Bachelor's, Master's, Graduate and Ph.D degrees.[108] Research[edit] The opportunity to participate in important research is one of the distinguishing characteristics of Hopkins' undergraduate education. About 80 percent of undergraduates perform independent research, often alongside top researchers.[72][109] In FY 2013, Johns Hopkins received $2.2 billion in federal research grants—more than any other U.S. university for the 35th consecutive year.[110] Johns Hopkins has had seventy-seven (77) members of the Institute of Medicine, forty-three (43) Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, seventeen (17) members of the National Academy of Engineering, and sixty-two (62) members of the National Academy of Sciences. Thirty-seven (37) Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university as alumni or faculty members.[111] Installing a New Horizons Imager at the APL Between 1999 and 2009, Johns Hopkins was among the most cited institutions in the world. It attracted nearly 1,222,166 citations and produced 54,022 papers under its name, ranking #3 globally (after Harvard University and the Max Planck Society) in the number of total citations published in Thomson Reuters-indexed journals over 22 fields in America.[112] View of Mission Operations at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, MD. In FY 2000, Johns Hopkins received $95.4 million in research grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), making it the leading recipient of NASA research and development funding.[113] In FY 2002, Hopkins became the first university to cross the $1 billion threshold on either list, recording $1.14 billion in total research and $1.023 billion in federally sponsored research. In FY 2008, Johns Hopkins University performed $1.68 billion in science, medical and engineering research, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total R&D spending for the 30th year in a row, according to a National Science Foundation (NSF) ranking.[114] These totals include grants and expenditures of JHU's Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. The Johns Hopkins University also offers the "Center for Talented Youth" program—a nonprofit organization dedicated to identifying and developing the talents of the most promising K-12 grade students worldwide. As part of the Johns Hopkins University, the "Center for Talented Youth" or CTY helps fulfill the university's mission of preparing students to make significant future contributions to the world.[citation needed] The Johns Hopkins Digital Media Center (DMC) is a multimedia lab space as well as an equipment, technology and knowledge resource for students interested in exploring creative uses of emerging media and use of technology.[115] In 2013, the Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships program was established by a $250 million gift from Michael Bloomberg. This program enables the university to recruit fifty researchers from around the world to joint appointments throughout the nine divisions and research centers. Each professor must be a leader in interdisciplinary research and be active in undergraduate education.[116][117] Directed by Vice Provost for Research Denis Wirtz, there are currently twenty Bloomberg Distinguished Professors at the university, including two Nobel Laureates, four fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, four members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and four members of the National Academy of Sciences.[118] Research centers and institutes[edit] Divisional[edit] School of Medicine (28)[119] School of Public Health (70)[120] School of Nursing (2)[121] School of Arts and Sciences (27)[122] School of Advanced International Studies (17)[123] School of Engineering (16)[124] School of Education (3)[125] School of Business Applied Physics Laboratory Others[edit] Berman Institute of Bioethics Center for Biotechnology[126] Center for Communication Programs Center for Language and Speech Processing Center for a Livable Future Center for Talented Youth Graduate Program in Public Management Human Language Technology Center of Excellence[127] Johns Hopkins Information Security Institute[128] Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies Lieber Institute for Brain Development[129] Space Telescope Science Institute Student life[edit] Students socializing on The Beach, with Homewood House in the background Charles Village, the region of North Baltimore surrounding the university, has undergone several restoration projects, and the university has gradually bought the property around the school for additional student housing and dormitories. The Charles Village Project, completed in 2008, brought new commercial spaces to the neighborhood. The project included Charles Commons, a new, modern residence hall that includes popular retail franchises.[130][131] Hopkins invested in improving campus life with an arts complex in 2001, the Mattin Center, and a three-story sports facility, the O'Connor Recreation Center. The large on-campus dining facilities at Homewood were renovated in the summer of 2006. Quality of life is enriched by the proximity of neighboring academic institutions, including Loyola College, Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA), UMBC, Goucher College, and Towson University, as well as the nearby neighborhoods of Hampden, the Inner Harbor, Fells Point, and Mount Vernon. Student organizations[edit] Main article: List of Johns Hopkins University student organizations See also: List of defunct Johns Hopkins University societies Greek life[edit] Greek life came to Hopkins in 1876 which the charter of fraternity Beta Theta Pi, which still exists on campus today.[132] Since, Johns Hopkins has become home to nine sororities and 11 fraternities. Of the nine sororities, five belong to the National Panhellenic Conference and four to the Multicultural Greek Council Sororities. Of the fraternities, all 11 belong to the Inter-Fraternity Council. Over 1,000 students participate in Greek life, with 23% of women and 20% of men taking part.[133][134] Greek life has expanded its reach at Hopkins in recent decades, as only 15% of the student body participated in 1989.[135] Rush for all students occurs in the spring. Most fraternities keep houses in Charles Village while sororities do not. Johns Hopkins Greek life has been largely representative of its increasing diversity with the installment of Alpha Phi Alpha, a historically black fraternity, in 1991 and Lambda Phi Epsilon, an Asian-interest fraternity in 1994 among others.[136] Spring Fair[edit] Spring Fair has been a Johns Hopkins tradition since 1972 and has since grown to be the largest three-day student-run festival in the country.[137] Popular among Hopkins students and Baltimore inhabitants alike, Spring Fair features carnival rides, vendors, food and a beer garden. Since its beginning, Spring Fair has decreased in size, both in regard to attendance and utilization of space. While one point, the Fair attracted upwards of 100,000 people, it became unruly and, for a variety of reasons including safety concerns and a campus beautification project in the early 2000s, had to be scaled back.[138] Traditions[edit] Lighting of the Quad While it has been speculated that Johns Hopkins has relatively few traditions for a school of its age and that many past traditions have been forgotten, a handful of myths and customs are ubiquitous knowledge among the community.[139] One such long-standing myth surrounds the university seal that is embedded into the floor of the Gilman Hall foyer. The myth holds that any current student to step on the seal will never graduate. In reverence for this tradition, the seal has been fenced off from the rest of the room. An annual event is the Lighting of the Quad, a ceremony each winter during which the campus is lit up in holiday lights. Recent years have included singing and fireworks. Housing[edit] Alumni Memorial Residence I, a freshman dormitory Living on campus is typically required for first- and second-year undergraduates.[140] Freshman housing is centered around Freshman Quad, which consists of three residence hall complexes: The two Alumni Memorial Residences (AMR I and AMR II) plus Buildings A and B. The AMR dormitories are each divided into houses, subunits named for figures from the university's early history. Freshmen are also housed in Wolman Hall and in certain wings of McCoy Hall, both located slightly outside the campus.[141] Students determine where they will live during Sophomore year through a housing lottery. Most juniors and seniors move into nearby apartments or row-houses. Non-freshmen in university housing occupy one of four buildings: McCoy Hall, the Bradford Apartments, the Homewood Apartments, and Charles Commons.[142] All are located in Charles Village within a block from the Homewood campus. Forty-five percent of the student body lives off-campus while 55% lives on campus.[143] Athletics[edit] Main article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays Athletic teams are called Blue Jays. Even though sable and gold are used for academic robes, the university's athletic colors are Columbia blue (PMS 284) and black.[144] Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season. The Men's and Women's lacrosse teams are in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. Other teams are in Division III and participate in the Centennial Conference.[145] JHU is also home to the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame, maintained by US Lacrosse.[146] Men's lacrosse[edit] Main article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse Johns Hopkins Men's Lacrosse at Homewood Field The school's most prominent team is its men's lacrosse team. The team has won 44 national titles[147] – nine Division I (2007, 2005, 1987, 1985, 1984, 1980, 1979, 1978, 1974), 29 United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA), and six Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (ILA) titles. Hopkins' primary national rivals are Princeton University, Syracuse University, and the University of Virginia; its primary intrastate rivals are Loyola University Maryland (competing in what is called the "Charles Street Massacre"), Towson University, the United States Naval Academy, and the University of Maryland.[148] The rivalry with Maryland is the oldest. The schools have met 111 times since 1899, three times in playoff matches. On June 3, 2013, it was announced that the Blue Jays would join the Big Ten Conference for men's lacrosse when that league begins sponsoring the sport in the 2015 season (2014–15 school year).[149] Women's lacrosse[edit] Main article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays women's lacrosse The women's team is a member of the American Lacrosse Conference (ALC). The Lady Blue Jays were ranked number 18 in the 2015 Inside Lacrosse Women's DI Media Poll.[150] They ranked number 8 in the 2007 Intercollegiate Women's Lacrosse Coaches Association (IWLCA) Poll Division I. The team finished the 2012 season with a 9-9 record and finished the 2013 season with a 10-7 record. They finished the 2014 season 15-5.[151] On June 17, 2015, it was announced that the Blue Jays would join the Big Ten Conference for women's lacrosse in the 2017 season (2016–17 school year). Other teams[edit] Hopkins has notable Division III Athletic teams. JHU Men's Swimming won three consecutive NCAA Championships in 1977, 1978, and 1979.[152] In 2009–2010, Hopkins won 8 Centennial Conference titles in Women's Cross Country, Women's Track & Field, Baseball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Football, and Men's and Women's Tennis. The Women's Cross Country team became the first women's team at Hopkins to achieve a #1 National ranking. In 2006–2007 teams won Centennial Conference titles in Baseball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Men's and Women's Tennis and Men's Basketball. Women's soccer won their Centennial Conference title for 7 consecutive years from 2005-2011. In the 2013-2014 school year, Hopkins earned 12 Centennial Conference titles, most notably from the cross country and track & field teams, which accounted for six.[153] Hopkins has an acclaimed fencing team, which ranked in the top three Division III teams in the past few years and in both 2008 and 2007 defeated the University of North Carolina, a Division I team. In 2008, they defeated UNC and won the MACFA championship.[154] The Swimming team ranked highly in NCAA Division III for the last 10 years, most recently placing second at DIII Nationals in 2008. The Water Polo team was number one in Division III for several of the past years, playing a full schedule against Division I opponents. Hopkins also has a century-old rivalry with McDaniel College (formerly Western Maryland College), playing the Green Terrors 83 times in football since the first game in 1894. In 2009 the football team reached the quarterfinals of the NCAA Division III tournament, with three tournament appearances since 2005. In 2008, the baseball team ranked second, losing in the final game of the DIII College World Series to Trinity College.[155] The Johns Hopkins squash team plays in the College Squash Association as a club team along with Division I and III varsity programs. In 2011-12m the squash team finished 30th in the ranking.[156] Noted people[edit] Main article: List of Johns Hopkins University people Nobel laureates[edit] Main article: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Johns Hopkins University As of 2011, there have been 36 Nobel Laureates who either attended the university as undergraduate or graduate students, or were faculty members.[157] Woodrow Wilson, who received his PhD from Johns Hopkins in 1886, was Hopkins' first affiliated laureate, winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.[157][158] Twenty-three laureates were faculty members, five earned PhDs, eight earned M.D.s, and Francis Peyton Rous and Martin Rodbell earned undergraduate degrees. Eighteen Johns Hopkins laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[157] Four Nobel Prizes were shared by Johns Hopkins laureates: George Minot and George Whipple won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,[159] Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,[160] Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,[161] and David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[162] Two Johns Hopkins laureates won Nobel Prizes in Physics, Riccardo Giacconi in 2002 [163] and Adam Riess in 2011. [164] Bloomberg Distinguished Professor Peter Agre was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (which he shared with Roderick MacKinnon) for his discovery of aquaporins.[165] Bloomberg Distinguished Professor Carol Greider was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Blackburn and Jack W. Szostak, for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme telomerase.[166]